An approach of the space has changed with the time.
In the Standard Model particle are considered to be points moving through the space.
In String Theory different vibrations modes of the string represent the different particle types.
There are 5 different theories of strings (M-theory). This leads to theory which has as fundamental object a Membrane, as opposed to a string.
In Quantum Gravity unlike for non-gravitational physics , spacetime is not just the arena in which physical processes take place but it is dynamical field. Therefore a sum over histories of the gravitational field in quantum gravity is really a sum over possible geometries for spacetime.
Specifying the initial state of a system allows one to calculate the probability that it will be found in any other state at a later time. In practice cosmologists tend to work backwards by using the observed properties of the universe now to understand what it was like at earlier times.
There are many theories about our Universe
It could be considered as Status State without the beginning or as Big Bang with the beginning.
The Universe with Big Bang is explained by theories with Inflation or theories without Inflation.
The Inflation could be Chaotic Inflation proposed by Andrei Linde or inflation according to Quantum Cosmology with theory of Quantum Gravity. In 1980 Allan Guth proposed an Inflation Theory as creation of energy and antienergy from nothing.
In Quantum Cosmology is a procedure known as "analytic continuation" which can be used to convert results expressed in terms of four spatial dimensions into results expressed in terms of three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. It helps to show how change the space and time according to energy and movement.
The path integral can be calculated by just considering a few geometries that give a particulary large contribution. These are known as instantons with four spatial dimensions and boundary that matches the three geometry whose probability we wish to compute.
People have found different types of instantons.
The Hawking-Moss instanton describes the creation of an eternally inflating universe with "closed" spatial three geometries.
There is however, nowadays strong evidence from cosmological observations in favour of an flat, open universe.
The Coleman-De Luccia instanton (1987) shows the matter in the early universe initially in a state known as false vacuum.
In Hawking-Turok instanton they did not require the existence of a false vacuum or other very specific properties of the excited matter state. The price they pay for this is that their instantons have singularities - places where the curvature becomes infinite and theories brakes down. This is a quit controversial feature of their work.
According to the last observations early age space was inflated much more then speed of light, than slower and faster now.
PARTICLE IN A SPACE OR THE SPACE DEFORMATION AS PARTICLE.
As we know the space is quantified and discrete. A fundamental particle may be an intrinsically massless thing of some sort (string? Spacetime deformation? Vortex in a perfect-fluid-like medium?) which continuously interact with the quantum vacuum. Radio waves, X-rays, light are all forms of electromagnetic radiation. This waves do carry energy, and each wave has a specific direction, frequency and polarization state.
Since the space itself is thought to break up into a kind of quantum foam at a tiny distance called the Planck scale (10-35m) close to Black Hole and 10-15m in empty Universe, it is argued that the zero point fluctuation (oscillation of the elemental space) must cease at a corresponding maximal Planck frequency (1043Hz). We can say the space is full of elemental spaces, ( zero point field). The other space not able to transfer any information do not exist for us people.
We may say , the independent particle are moving through the space, or the elements of the space (Zero Point Field) are deformed by the energy and this deformations go as the wave.
If we have Zero Point Field as an elemental space, then the energy could be transfer by a point of the contact, or by the strings or loops, or by the membranes or saks. If we concentrate on the particle only it is very difficult to define its shape. It would be easier to consider just the particle and space as one object together. We can see the energy as the deformed elemental space. The energy is then space deformation only and we consider the size of deformations in four spatial dimensions (decrease of the volume).
GRAVITATION AND INERTIA
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that an ideal harmonic oscillator - one small enough to be subject to quantum laws - can never come entirely to rest, since that would be a state of exactly zero energy, which is forbidden. Average energy of the particle with rest mass which draws all the Universe is equal h/2 times frequency (h/2 x f). This harmonic oscillation of the space gives average compression of the elemental space between 10-35 m and 10-15 m. The sum of this compressions gives a curvature of the space which we sense as gravitation force.
The approach used in the NASA study also suggested that there should be a specific resonance for the particle-elemental space (ZPF) interaction giving rise to inertia. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron placed in motion appears to be related to Doppler shift of Compton-frequency oscillation associated with Zitterbewegung. of Schrondiger. If true, there would be no physically distinct E= mc2. The physically real think would be only the energy associated with the Zitterbewegung of the elemental space. We have an illusion of the inertia. We are actually sensing every change of the energy. Every change of the position towards another masses in Universe demands change of the energy. A scattering of the radiation (oscillation of the space) by the quarks and electrons would result in an acceleration-dependent reaction force in every movement that would appear to be origin of inertia of matter. The energy (photon ) deform the elemental space and this deformations go with speed of light. The space is shrunken and then swollen according to the frequency of the photon. If it fits to the elemental length we have resonance frequency and creation of the rest mass. Gravity is just a tension because of the resonance oscillation of the space. Close to the mass we meet more dense oscillations. The mass act as gravity by curvature (shortening ) of the space.
Close to the mass more elemental spaces (ZPF) are compressed (shorter), that way in the Newton equation the distance (in denominator) is different close to the mass then far away. For example the satellite on the Pluto orbit will be relatively (according to General Relativity) nearer then we it see and the gravity force greater. We see it along the Pioneer journey. The MOND theory of Milgrom describes this effect according to Dark Matter, but there are another possible influence as bellows.
We don' know exactly what is the structure of the space, and how the energy goes from one discrete elemental space to another. May be there is a Higgs boson, but it would be extremely difficult to observe something in the Planck distance as contact between two discrete elemental spaces.
NEUTRINOS REPULSIVE FORCE ?
The photon goes around us only one time. It goes as a wave drawing and pushing the space with speed of light like a swing (-1+1 = 0). The matter with a mass oscillates in resonance permanently and is drawing the space by gravity (0 - 1) /2 = -0,5. The neutrino is a balance of the potential gravitation when the particle is decaying and one part of the mass goes away. For example - a neutron decaying emits a photon of energy and an electron with rest mass.. A quark structure gives the minimal gravitational energy. The blow of the neutrino balance this new energy of the electron towards proton. Every particle with mass oscillate inwards, decaying in other particles the space is locally extended of the neutrino (+1).
It means the neutrino is pushing the space only like blow or hit - some kind of the pressure. This pressure is massless and moves with speed of light as every information. The pressure is additive like energy and we see the oscillation of the neutrino. The energy of the neutrino is quite different then of the photon and could not be absorbed by an electron. If the particle absorbed enough energy from photon, then hit of the neutrino release a bigger rest mass of the particle. In 1998 the Super Kamiokande neutrino observatory had at least, succeeded in measuring a mass for the neutrino. But bear in mind did not directly measure the property of inertial mass. It was the ratio of two types of neutrino (muon, tau) created by cosmic rays. Standard Model of particle physics, such an oscillation between the two types of neutrino implies of theoretical mass. But on the other hand change of the pressure do not proof the mass.
NEUTRINO A COMPONENT OF DARK MATTER ?
May be , near the Black Hole are the clusters of neutrinos moving and oscillating in every directions and they can create some sorts of whirlwind of the space. This whirlwind may move slowly like drunken sailors pushing everything away. This bubble of the space pressure goes outside of the galaxy gravitational center. Its repulsion force may be reduced a little bit by the gravity of the galaxy so it collect around the galaxy halo. There is one theory of Repulsive Dark Matter (RDM) - Condensate of massive bosons with a short range repulsive potential. The inner parts of Dark Matter halos would behave like superfluid and be less cuspy.
NEUTRINO AND DARK ENERGY
In the Cosmic Voids all sorts of the neutrinos would press everything away like the foam bubble of Dark Energy. The waves on the sea purify the surface of the sea throwing every rubbish towards the coast. That way , the gravity of the galaxy is intensifying by the blowing of the neutrinos pressure from Cosmic Voids.
Decay of the particle releases neutrino. The neutrino enlarges the space. Greater Cosmic Void accommodates more neutrinos then. This process accelerate.
Creation of particles - particles decay - neutrinos release - space enlarges - matter concentrates gravitationally in galaxy - new energy releases - absorbed neutrinos cause new decay - more gravity in galaxy, more neutrinos in the space - contract of the galaxy and expansion of Cosmic Voids - larger Cosmic Void contain more neutrinos. It is process of the normal space inflation.
BIG BANG THEORY WITHOUT SINGULARITY AND MYSTERIOUS INFLATION OF THE SPACE
In this idea is there at the beginning an information written in the pure gouge field of the energy in existing space. Some billions years ago was the energy concentrated creating something like whirlwind. In a superdense center with parameters near Black Hole was the quark plasma created. A curved time-space bent the energy beams of the energy towards the center of the rotating plasma. This system could works like a matter-antimatter hyperquasar production machinery. The energy from outside was supplied and transformed into matter-antimatter particles and probably separated according to their spin polarization.
The matter was ejected in rotating jets and it is our Observable Universe.
This rotations cause repulsive centrifugal force (Dark Energy ?) and create Cosmic Voids with the pressed matter on their boundaries. This allows additionally with gravity to create elliptical galaxies very early.
The supplied, rotating matter travels along this rotating Cosmic Voids interacting by magnetic plasma current. This frictions drives neighbouring clouds to rotate and quasars, Seifert galaxies were created. The gas from the intergalaxy's space was pushed and driven to rotate around. That way the arms (as density waves) and outside parts of the spiral galaxy rotate faster (Dark Matter ?).
The spiral galaxies with bars are perhaps the elliptical driven to rotate among the different currents.
There are some singularities in this idea:
1.The Cosmic Voids, and galaxies were created very early.
2.There are many collisions because of the rotations.
3.The galaxies rotate around the Cosmic Voids.
4.Many Cosmic Voids have similar polarization.
5.The one side of the early Universe would be denser because of the main jet.
BACGROUND RADIATION
The Background Radiation is a black body radiation. If the temperature of the universe was at absolute zero, all matter would collapse. Some physicists (Eddington in 1926, Mc Keller in 19420 had estimated this temperature of universe radiation in range of 2 to 3 K., Penzias and Wilson in 1965 observed it by 2,7 K. The satellite WMAP have measured the fluctuations of this radiation with fraction of thousandth degree Kelvin. There are some warm and cold spaces in the Earth orbit during its circle around the Sun so the origin of this fluctuations is not sure. The Background Radiation could be then a Relict Radiation of BB, radiation of the galaxies or radiation from outsides of our observable Universe.
BLACK HOLES
Black Hole has its boundary. Small Black Hole evaporate of Hawking Radiation. Heavy Black Hole is stable and contains neutrons or quarks. Very large Black Hole has enough space to decay of the matter and production of repulsive elements (neutrinos). This process weakens the gravity and permit to release a gas circulating around. It means that every Quasar will have its galaxy at least around.
This theory is very simple and requires only particles with repulsive forces as balance for the gravity. Neutrino seems to be very good material for it and such a repulsive Dark Energy solve problems with singularity, inflation and flatness. We would say the inflation of the space is caused by the neutrinos from creation-decay process, not by the accident from nothing.
EVERYTHING TENDS TO CREATE SYSTEM OF HIERARCHIC GROUPS
All the matter tends to create a groups. In 1930 Hermann Weyl wrote "Theory of the groups and quantum mechanic" . The electromagnetic wave concentrate into the elementary particle. This particle don't diverge in the space but create atoms and complicated chemicals combinations. All the reality seems to be quantified even the space and the time. You can see many examples for this hierarchic groups:
Quark - elemental particle - atom - chemical combinations
Atom - crystals - grains - rock - comet, planet
Atom - nebula - stair - galaxy - galaxy group
Aminacid - gen - cell - fibre - organ - living being
Man - family - clan - tribe - nation
Citizen - municipality - district - province - state - union
Soldier - platoon - company - batalion - regiment - division - army
Criminal - gang - mafia - dictatorship
Mist - frog - cloud - drop - rain
Brooklet - river - ocean torrent
Sound - word - sentence - speech
Letter - word - sentence - book - internet
Stand - shop - whole sale - holding - trust
Arithmetic - algebra - differential integrate calculus
You can surely find more better groups and dependency. This hierarchic groups are created easy in every movement.
The energy and elemental particles in the atom exchange the deformations of ESP. If it is a stable particle the exchange has special energy and frequency. There are gluons joining quarks, meson joining protons, electromagnetic field joining electrons. Every living being needs to exchange special products in the definite frequency. If a trade firma want be stable it has stable customers with regular sale. The firma can develop creating a new contact but not force the old contact. It is interesting to search the right quantity and frequency of the exchange elements in firma, holding, association, family, town, region, state, union and so on. The people accept a partnership and you can control the exchange but concentration in one hand force a conflict. The man is happy if he works in his group (exchange the goods in resonance). To small and to high frequency and goodness as well make un happy. The movement create the hierarchic groups. The hardened group without movement needs a catastrophe to create a new system.
When we take it all, our Universe has planed, special, right concentration of the quantified energy and information in the quantified space. This enable to create so complicate hierarchic groups as we see it around.
I'll be satisfied to discuss on this questions.
